Dr. Jill Chorney's Publications
Click here for Dr. Chorney's complete CV
PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
Martin, S.R., Choney, J., Tan, E.T., Fortier, M.A., Blount, R.L., Wald, S.H., Shapiro, N.L., Strom, S., Patel, S., Kain, Z.N. ( 2011) Changing healthcare providers' behavior during pediatric induction with an emperically based intervention. Anesthesiology, 115, 18-27.
Chorney, J.M., Garcia, A., Berlin, K., Bakeman, R., Kain, Z.N. (2010). An introduction to time-window sequential analysis for pediatric psychologists. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 1061-1075.
Chorney, J.M., Kain, Z.N. (2010). Clinical concepts and commentary: Family-centered pediatric perioperative care. Anesthesiology, 112, 751-755
Fortier, M.A., Weinberg, M., Vitalano, L.M., Chorney, J.M., Martin, S., Kain, Z.N. (in press). Effects of therapeutic suggestion in children undergoing general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Anesthesia.
Chorney, J.M., Hammell, C., Blount, R., McLaren, C.E., Chen, W., Kain, Z.N. (2009). Healthcare provider and parent behavior and children’s distress and coping at anesthesia induction. Anesthesiology, 111, 1290-1296.
Chorney, J.M., Kain, Z.N. (2009). Behavioral Analysis of children’s response to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 109, 1434-1440.
Fortier, M. A., Chorney, J. M., Rony, R.Y.Z., Karimi-Perret, D., Rhinehart, J. B., Camilon, F. S., Kain, Z.N. (2009). Children’s desire for perioperative information. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 109, 1085-90.
Fortier, M. A., MacLaren, J., Martin, S. R., & Kain, Z. N. (2009). Pediatric pain following ambulatory surgery: Where’s the medication? Pediatrics, 124, e588-95.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Herrmann, L., Mayes, L., Morrison, D., Hoda, J., Lerman, J. (2009). Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology, 111, 44-49.
Thomson, C., MacLaren, J., Kain, Z.N. (2009). Brief Report: Prediction of Children’s Preoperative Anxiety by Mothers and Fathers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 716-721.
Cohen, L. L., MacLaren, J., DeMore, M., Fortson, B., Friedman, A., Lim, C. L., & Gangaram, B. (2009). A randomized clinical trial of vapocoolant for pediatric immunization distress relief. Clinical Journal of Pain, 25, 490-494.
MacLaren, J., Thomson, C., Weinberg, M., Fortier, M.A., Morrison, D., Perret, D., Kain, Z.N. (2009). Prediction of preoperative anxiety in children: Who is most accurate? Anesthesia and Analgesia, 108, 1777-82.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Hammell, C., Novoa, C., Fortier, M.A., Huszti, H., Mayes, L. (2009). Healthcare provider-child-parent communication in the preoperative surgical setting. Pediatric Anesthesia, 19, 386-394.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Weinberg, M., Huszti, H., Anderson, C., Mayes, L. (2009). How many parents should we let into the operating room? Pediatric Anesthesia, 19, 244-249.
MacLaren, J., Cohen, L.L., Larkin, K.T., & Shelton, E. (2008). Training nursing students in evidence-based behavioral pediatric pain management techniques. Journal of Nursing Education, 47, 351-358.
MacLaren, J., & Kain, Z.N. (2008). Development of a Brief Behavioral Intervention for Children’s Anxiety at Anesthesia Induction. Children’s Health Care, 37, 196-209.
MacLaren, J., & Kain, Z.N. (2008). Prevalence and Predictors of Significant Sleep Disturbances in Children Undergoing Ambulatory Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 248-257.
MacLaren, J., & Kain, Z.N. (2008). A Comparison of Preoperative Anxiety in Mothers of Children Undergoing Surgery and Female Patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 106, 810-813.
Yaffa Zisk, R., Grey, M., Medoff-Cooper, B., MacLaren, J., Kain, Z.N. (2008). The squeaky wheel gets the grease: Parental pain management of children treated for bone fractures. Pediatric Emergency Care, 24, 89-96.
Cohen, L.L., & MacLaren, J. (2007). Breaking Down the Barriers to Pediatric Procedural Preparation. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 144–148.
Kain, Z.N., Caldwell-Andrews, A., Mayes, L., Weinburg, M.E., Wang, S.M., MacLaren, J., Blount, R.L. (2007). Family-Centered Preparation for Surgery Improves Perioperative Outcomes in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology, 106, 65-74.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., McClain, B.C., Saadat, H., Wang, SM, Mayes, L.C., & Anderson, G.M. (2007). Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam administered preoperatively to children. Anesthesiology, 107, 4, 545-552.
MacLaren, J., Cohen, L.L., & Cohen, S. (2007) Children’s behavior during immunization injections: A principle components analysis. Children’s Health Care, 36, 237-248.
MacLaren, J. & Cohen, L.L. (2007). Interventions for pediatric procedure-related pain in primary care. Paediatrics and Child Health, 12, 111-116.
Yaffa Zisk, R., Grey, M., MacLaren, J., Kain, Z.N. (2007). Exploring Socio-Demographic and Personality Characteristic Predictors of Parental Pain Perceptions. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 104, 790-798.
MacLaren, J., Gross, R.T., Sperry, J.A., & Boggess, J. (2006). Opioid use and outcomes of functional restoration. Clinical Journal of Pain, 22, 392-398.
Cohen, L.L., MacLaren, J., Fortson, B., Friedman, A., DeMore, M.A, Lim, C. et al. (2006). Randomized clinical trial of distraction for infant immunization pain. Pain, 125, 165-171.
Cohen, L. L., Fancher, A., MacLaren, J., & Lim, C. S. (2006). Correlates of pediatric behavior and distress during intramuscular injections for invasive dental procedures. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 31, 44-47.
Cohen, L.L., Bernard, R.S., McClellan, C.B., Piazza-Waggoner, C., Taylor, B.K., & MacLaren, J. (2006). Topical anesthesia versus distraction for infants’ immunization distress: Evaluation with 6-Month follow-up. Children’s Health Care, 35, 103-121.
Cohen, L.L., Bernard, R.S., McClellan, C.B., & MacLaren, J. (2005). Assessing medical room behavior during infants’ painful medical procedures: The Measure of Adult and Infant Soothing and Distress (MAISD). Children's Health Care, 34, 81-94.
MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L.L. (2005). Teaching behavioral pain management to healthcare professionals: A systematic review of research in training programs. Journal of Pain, 6, 481-492.
MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L.L. (2005). A comparison of distraction strategies for venipuncture distress in children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 387-396.
Bernard, R.S., Cohen, L.L., McClellan, C.B., & MacLaren, J. (2004). Pediatric procedural approach-avoidance coping and distress: A multitrait-multimethod assessment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29, 131-141.
Breau, L.M., MacLaren, J., McGrath, P.J., Camfield, C., & Finley, G.A. (2003). Caregivers’ beliefs regarding pain in children with cognitive impairment: The relation between pain sensation and reaction increases with severity of impairment. Clinical Journal of Pain, 19, 335-344
CHAPTERS
Chorney, J. Croteon K., McLain, B. (2011). Theories on common adolescent pain syndromes. In B.C. McLain and S. Suresh (Eds.). Handbook of Pediatric Chronic Pain. (pp. 27-44). New Yrok, NY. Springer.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., & Mayes, L. (2009). Perioperative Behavior Stress in Children. In C.J. Cote, J. Lerman, I.D. Todres (Eds.). A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children (4th ed.). (pp.25-36). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Blount, R. L., McCormick, M. L., MacLaren, J., & Kain, Z. (2008). Preparing children for invasive procedures and surgery. In G. A. Walco & K. R. Goldschneider (Eds.). Pain in children: A practical guide for primary care. (pp. 93-99). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Cohen, L. L., MacLaren, J., & Lim, C. S. (2008). Pain and pain management. In R. G. Steele, T. D. Elkin, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.). Handbook of evidence based therapies for children and adolescents. (pp. 281-295). New York: Springer Publishers.
EDITORIALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Chorney, J., McGrath, P., Finley, G.A. (2010) Pain as the neglected adverse event. Canadian Medical Associatoin Jounral, 187: 732.
MacLaren, J., Kain, Z.N. (2008). Research to Practice in Pediatric Pain: What are we missing? Pediatrics, 122:443-4
MacLaren, J., Kain, Z.N. (2007). Biopsychosocial Perioperative Research: The future is here. Clinical Anesthesia 19, 410-412.
MacLaren, J., & Kain, Z.N. (2007). Editorial: Pediatric preoperative preparation: A call for evidence-based practice. Pediatric Anesthesiology, 17, 1019-1020.
Cohen, L.L., Stack, C., & MacLaren, J. (2005). Pain management in the 21st century: Psychology’s contribution. Psycritiques: Online database.
MacLaren, J., Schwartz, L., & Simons, L. (2004). On the student front: Multdisciplinary teams. Progress Notes, Newsletter of the Society of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 2-4.
SYMPOSIA AND INVITED PRESENTATIONS
Chorney, J. (March 2011) Motivational Enhancement and Chronic Pain. Pain Rounds, Capitol District Health Authority, Halifax, NS.
Chorney, J. (June, 2010) Perioperative Care Research: Past ( and future?) directions. Operating Staff Rounds, IWK Health Centre.
Chorney, J. ( May, 2010) Caring of Children around the time of surgery: Preoperative distress and postoperative pain. IWK Excellence in Research Symposium.
Chorney, J.M., Martin, S., Hammell, C., Kain, Z.N. (March, 2010). In L. Cohen (Chair), Parent-Child Interactions during Pediatric Pain: Patterns across Populations and Procedures. Workshop to be presented at the International Symposium on Pediatric Pain, Acapulco, Mexico.
Chorney, J. (February, 2010) Pediatric Medical Stress and Coping: A Perioperative Model. Lecture for Cross Appoitnment, Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University.
Chorney, J.M. (October, 2009). Psychological influences on pediatric pain. Invited presentation. Atlantic Provinces Interprofessional Pain Conference. Halifax, Nova Scotia.
MacLaren, J. (October, 2008). Social Influences on children’s pain: The role of family. Pediatric Grand Rounds, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT
MacLaren, J. (October, 2008). Perioperative Anxiety in Children: Behavioral contributors and interventions. Pain Task Force Meeting, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT
MacLaren, J. (November, 2007). Pediatric procedural pain and medical stress in primary care. Pediatric Grand Rounds, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK
Kain, Z.N., & MacLaren, J. (November, 2007). Winning their hearts and minds: The perioperative stress response. Public Lecture, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK.
Cohen, L. L., MacLaren, J., Fortson, B., Friedman, A., DeMore, M., Lim, C. S., Shelton, E., & Gangaram, B. (May, 2006). Distraction for infant immunization pain. In K. Slifer (Chair). Behavior Analysis Contributions to Managing Pediatric Pain. Symposium presented at the Association for Behavior Analysis, Atlanta, GA.
MacLaren, J., Cohen, L.L., Penwell, L., Hitchens, L. Speer, K.L., Chorney, D.B., & Stanley, V. (April, 2006). Improving pain management in children: Training nursing students in evidence-based behavioral techniques. In R. Brown (Chair). Emerging Areas in Pediatric Psychology. Paper presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL
Adams, C.D., Joseph, K.E., MacLaren, J., DeMore, M.A., Koven, L., Graves, M. et al. (April, 2006). A parent-youth teamwork intervention for improving adherence in pediatric asthma. Paper presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL
MacLaren, J. (October, 2004). Dissemination of nonpharmacological pain management strategies to healthcare professionals. Invited presentation at the Pain in Child Health Strategic Training Consortium Meeting, Whitepoint, NS, Canada.
MacLaren, J., Manni, P.J., Lewis, S.M., & Slater, H. (September, 2004). Factors related to burn camp nonattendance. Symposium presented at the Eastern Great Lakes Burn Study Group, Cleveland, OH.
MacLaren, J. & Cohen, L.L. (February, 2004). Distraction strategies for venipuncture distress in children. Invited presentation to the Pain in Child Health Strategic Training Consortium, International Online Lab Meeting.
Cohen, L.L., & MacLaren, J. (November, 2003). Movie distraction for pediatric procedural pain. In S. Safren (Chair) & D. Ahern (Discussant), Use of Technology in Behavioral Assessments and Interventions. Symposium presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy Convention, Boston.
ABSTRACTS
Tan, E.T., Chorney, J., Stron, S., Kain, Z.N. (2011) Children's behaviors in the recovery room: Developing the Recovery Room Child-Adult Medical Procedures Interaction Scale (R-CAMPIS). Abstract to be presented at American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Tan, E.T., Chorney, J., Strom, S., Wang, S., Kain, Z.N. (2011) Mother and child behavior in the post-anesthesia care unit: A video coding study. Abstract to be presented at American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Petter, M., Chambers, C.T., Chorney, J. (June, 2011). A comparison of mindful attention versus distraction on pain outcomes in children during the cold pressor. Joint Meeting of the British and Canadian Pain Societies.
Bennett, S., Chorney, J., Dick, B. (June, 2011). Meaningful measures of "outcome" in chronic pain in children and adolescents: A multisite initative. Joint Meeting of the Brisitish and Canadian Pain Societies.
Martin, S.A., Chorney, J., Blount, R.L., Wald, S., Kain, Z.N., Shapiro, N., Strom, S. (2010) .Changing adult behaviors in the pediatric perioperative environment: A pilot study. American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Al-Howary, A., Hackmann, T., Chorney, J. (April, 2010). Emergence Delirium after anesthesia in children: An aduit. Resident Research Day, Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University.
Chorney, J., Hammell, C., Fortier, M.A., Kain, Z.N. (March, 2010). Sequential analysis of parent influences on children's distress behaviour in the immediate postoperative period. Poster to be presented at the International Symposium on Pediatric Pain, Acapulco, Mexico.
Fortier, M.A., Martin, S., Chorney, J.E., Kain, Z.N. (March, 2010). What Children Want to Know about Their Surgery: Is it Going to Hurt? Poster to be presented at the International Symposium on Pediatric Pain, Acapulco, Mexico
Fortier, M.A., MacLaren, J., Martin, S.R., Kain, Z.N. (May, 2009). Children’s Pain at Home Following Ambulatory Surgery. Poster presented at the American Pain Society, San Diego, CA
MacLaren, J., Weinberg, M., Hammell, C., & Kain, Z.N. (November, 2008). Anesthesiologist and Child Behavior at Anesthesia Induction: A video coding study. Abstract presented at the American Society of Anesthesiology, Orlando, FL.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Herrmann, L., Mayes, L., Lerman, J. (November, 2008). Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Abstract presented at the American Society of Anesthesiology, Orlando, FL.
MacLaren, J., Weinberg, M., Kain, Z.N. (October, 2008). Modifications to increase the feasibility of ADVANCE preparation for surgery in real-world settings. Poster presented at the International Forum on Pediatric Pain, Whitepoint, Canada
MacLaren, J., Thompson, C.C., Kain, Z.N. (April, 2008). Predicting Children’s Anxiety at Anesthesia Induction: Accuracy of Mothers, Fathers, and Anesthesiologists. Poster presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology. Miami, FL.
MacLaren, J., Novoa, C., Hammell, C., Lew, V., Kain, Z.N., Blount, R. (April, 2008) The perioperative version of the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale (P-CAMPIS): Reliability for anesthesiologists and preliminary assessment of physician-child interactions at anesthesia induction. Poster presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Miami, FL.
MacLaren, J., Hammell, C., Novoa, C. Mednick, L., Kain, Z.N. (November, 2007). How much Time do we spend in Preoperative Holding: Findings of a Video Capture System. American Society of Anesthesiology, San Antonio, TX.
Marakets, I., MacLaren, J., Thompson, C., Chen, J.A., Kain, Z.N. (November, 2007). Prediction of preoperative anxiety in children: Who is most accurate? American Society of Anesthesiology, San Antonio, TX.
MacLaren, J., Cohen, L.L., Larkin, K.T., & Shelton, E. (May, 2007). Improving pain management in children: Training nursing students in evidence-based behavioral techniques. Poster presented at the American Pain Society, Washington, DC.
MacLaren J.E., Thompson, C., Crofton, K., Hammell, C., Kain, Z.N. (May, 2007). Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Train Parents in Behavioral Pain Management Strategies for Post-operative Pain. Poster presented at the American Pain Society, Washington, DC.
Lim, C. S., Cohen, L. L., MacLaren, J. E., DeMore, M., Fortson, B., & Friedman, A. (April, 2007). An evaluation of vapocoolant for reducing children’s immunization pain. Regional Conference on Child Health Psychology, Cincinnati, OH.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Caldwell-Andrews, A., Mayes, L., & Yaffa Zisk, R. (October, 2006). What children want to know about their surgery. Poster presented at the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Chicago, IL.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Wang, S., Caldwell-Andrews, A., Yaffa Zisk, R., & Mayes, L. (October, 2006). Facilitating perioperative research: Validity of short electronic measures for anxiety and temperament. Poster presented at the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Chicago, IL.
Kain, Z.N., MacLaren, J., Wang, S., Caldwell-Andrews, A., & Smith, G. (October, 2006). Pre-surgical preparation programs for children undergoing outpatient surgery: Current status. Poster presented at the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Chicago, IL.
Vowles, K.E., MacLaren, J., & Gross, J.E. (May, 2006). Continued depressive symptoms as a risk of decreased treatment effect following interdisciplinary treatment. Poster presented at the American Pain Society, San Antonio, TX.
MacLaren, J., Cohen, L.L., & Lim, C. (April, 2006). Distraction for pediatric immunizations in a rural setting: Implementation and outcomes across sites. Poster presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL.
Tien, K.J., Adams, C.D., Muller, C.E., DeMore, M.A., MacLaren, J., Skidmore, B.A. et al. (April, 2006). Caregiver Factors Related to Unintentional Burn Injuries in Young Children. Poster presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL.
MacLaren, J., Gross, R.T., Sperry, J.A., & Boggess, J. (November, 2005). Impact of opioid use on psychological, physical, and return to work outcomes of functional restoration for chronic pain. Poster presented at the Behavioral Medicine Special Interest Group, Association for Behavior and Cognitive Therapy conference, Washington, DC.
Manni, P.J., MacLaren, J., Lewis, S.M., & Slater, H (May, 2005). Explanations for children’s refusal to attend burn camp: An exploratory study. Poster presented at the American Burn Association, Chicago, IL.
Cohen, L.L., Bernard, R.S., McClellan, C.B., & MacLaren, J. (November, 2004). Interactions during infants’ injections: The Measure of Adult and Infant Soothing and Distress (MAISD). Poster presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, LA.
Fancher, A., Cohen, L.L., & MacLaren, J. (November, 2004). Correlates of pediatric dental behavior. Poster presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, LA.
MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L.L. (October, 2004).Teaching behavioral pain management to healthcare professionals: A systematic review of research in training programs. Poster presented at the International Forum on Pediatric Pain, Whitepoint, Canada.
MacLaren, J. & Cohen, L.L. (May, 2004). Children’s coping styles and the efficacy of distraction for procedural pain. Poster presented at the Joint Scientific Meeting for the Canadian and American Pain Society, Vancouver, Canada.
MacLaren, J. & Cohen, L.L. (May, 2004). The Procedural Pain Attitudes Scale: Relations among parent attitudes, parent anxiety, and child pain. Poster presented at the Joint Scientific Meeting for the Canadian and American Pain Society, Vancouver, Canada.
Adams, C. D., Joseph, K.E., MacLaren, J., DeMore, M., Koven, L., Muller, C., Wilson, N.W., & Hogan, M. B. (April, 2004). Improving adherence to pediatric asthma medication through a parent-youth teamwork intervention. Poster presented at the SPP National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Charleston, SC.
Cohen, L.L., & MacLaren, J. (April, 2004). Parent and nurse report of pediatric procedural anxiety and pain: A cross-sectional analysis. Poster presented at the SPP National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Charleston, SC.
MacLaren, J., McCourt, V.M., Cohen, L.L. (April 2004). Parent health care attitudes and children’s procedural distress. Poster presented at the SPP National Conference on Child Health Psychology, Charleston, SC.
Joseph, K.E., Adams, C.D., Muller, C., DeMore, M., MacLaren, J., Skidmore, D., Manni, P.J., & Slater, H. (March, 2004). Caregiver factors related to unintentional burn injuries in young children. Poster presented at the 8th Annual Research Symposium on Mental Health Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI.
Adams, C.D., Joseph, K.E., MacLaren, J., DeMore, M., Koven, L., Muller, C., Wilson, N.W., & Hogan, M.B. (March, 2004). Parent-youth teamwork in pediatric asthma management. Poster presented at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI), San Francisco, CA.
Fancher, A., Cohen, L.L., & MacLaren, J. (February, 2004). Predictors of pediatric distress during invasive dental procedures. Poster presented at the Undergraduate Research Day at the Capitol, Charleston, WV.
MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L.L. (November, 2003). Active versus passive distraction for venipuncture in children. Poster presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA.
MacLaren, J., Breau, L.M., Camfield, C., McGrath, P.J., & Finley, G.A. (May, 2002). Professionals’ and students’ opinions of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Poster presented at the Canadian Pain Society, Toronto, Canada.
Cohen, L.L., McClellan, C.B., Bernard, R.S., & MacLaren, J. (November, 2002) A comparison of distraction and topical anaesthesia for infants undergoing routine injections: A prospective study. Poster presented at the annual conference of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV.
MacLaren, J. & Cohen, L.L. (September, 2002). A comparison of distraction strategies for pre-surgery venipuncture. Poster presented at the International Forum on Pediatric Pain, Whitepoint, Canada.
Cohen, L.L., McClellan, C.B., Bernard, R.S., Piazza-Waggoner, C., Taylor, B.K., & MacLaren, J. (September, 2002). Topical anesthesia versus distraction for infants’ pain: A prospective analysis. Poster presented at the International Forum on Pediatric Pain, Whitepoint, Canada.
MacLaren, J., Breau, L.M., McGrath, P.J., Camfield, C., & Finley, G.A. (June, 2001). Caregivers’ beliefs regarding pain in cognitively impaired children. Poster presented at the Canadian Psychological Association, St. Foy, Canada
MacLaren, J. (May, 2001). Students’ opinions of pain in children with cognitive impairment: A quantitative and qualitative approach. Symposium presented at the Atlantic Provinces Interdisciplinary Council of Sciences, Halifax, Canada.
